Abstract
This review paper critically examines the intersection of criminal defamation laws and media freedom in India, analyzing their historical evolution, constitutional implications, and contemporary relevance. While defamation serves as a mechanism to protect individual reputation, its criminalization raises serious concerns regarding freedom of speech and the press—a cornerstone of democratic societies. The paper explores the origins of criminal defamation in Indian law, its judicial interpretations, and its application in recent high-profile cases involving journalists, activists, and media houses. Drawing comparisons with international legal standards and practices, the review highlights the tension between safeguarding reputational rights and ensuring journalistic freedom. The paper argues that the existing legal framework is often misused to stifle dissent and intimidate the press. It concludes by evaluating reform proposals, including decriminalization and the strengthening of civil remedies, ultimately advocating for a balanced legal approach that upholds both personal dignity and media independence in a democratic society.
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